The online tool for teaching with documents, from the National Archives

Prohibition: Success or Failure?

Weighing the Evidence

All documents and text associated with this activity are printed below, followed by a worksheet for student responses.

Introduction

In 1920, there was enough support across America and in Congress to pass the 18th Amendment, which prohibited the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Throughout its thirteen year existence, and even today, the effectiveness of prohibition has been debated. After examining the documents and their details in this activity, decide whether each document supports the success or failure of prohibition. Place each document where you think it should go on the scale, keeping in mind that the scale is a continuim, meaning the closer a document is to an interpretation, the more it supports that interpretation.


Name:
Class:

Worksheet

Prohibition: Success or Failure?

Weighing the Evidence

Examine the documents and text included in this activity. Consider how each document does or does not support two opposing interpretations or conclusions. Fill in the topic or interpretations if they are not provided. To show how the documents support the different interpretations, enter the corresponding document number into the boxes near the interpretation. Write your conclusion response in the space provided.

Interpretation 1
Prohibition was a success, it was beneficial for the United States.

Prohibition: The correct course of action?
Interpretation 2
Prohibition was a failure, it only made things worse in the United States.



1

Activity Element

Page 1



2

Activity Element

Page 1



3

Activity Element

Page 1



4

Activity Element

Page 1



5

Activity Element

Page 1



6

Activity Element

Page 1



7

Activity Element

Page 1



8

Activity Element

Page 1



9

Activity Element

Page 1



10

Activity Element

Page 1



Conclusion

Prohibition: Success or Failure?

Weighing the Evidence

After completing the activity, which interpretation do you support? Write a paragraph stating your position on the success or failure of prohibition, and use the documents from the activity to support your position. If you do not think there is enough evidence from the documents to support a position, say so, and state why. Are there other types of documents and evidences missing that could be useful in determining a position?

Your Response




Document

Photograph of Prohibition Agents Destroying a Bar

ca. 1920-1933


Additional details from our exhibits and publications

After the ratification of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution, the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages became illegal in the United States. Prohibition agents often used force to stop the sale of alcohol in clandestine bars or “speakeasies.” Prohibition lasted from 1920 until 1933, when the 18th Amendment was repealed.
This primary source comes from the Records of the U.S. Information Agency.
National Archives Identifier: 595674
Full Citation: Photograph of Prohibition Agents Destroying a Bar; ca. 1920-1933; Records of the U.S. Information Agency, . [Online Version, https://docsteach.org/documents/document/photograph-of-prohibition-agents-destroying-a-bar, May 5, 2024]


Photograph of Prohibition Agents Destroying a Bar

Page 1



Document

Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a clandestine underground brewery during the prohibition era

This primary source comes from the Records of the U.S. Information Agency.
National Archives Identifier: 541928
Full Citation: Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a clandestine underground brewery during the prohibition era; Records of the U.S. Information Agency, . [Online Version, https://docsteach.org/documents/document/detroit-police-inspecting-equipment-found-in-a-clandestine-underground-brewery-during-the-prohibition-era, May 5, 2024]


Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a clandestine underground brewery during the prohibition era

Page 1



Document

Presidential Proclamation 2065 in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces the Repeal of Prohibition

12/5/1933

In Presidential Proclamation 2065, President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced the repeal of Prohibition.

Transcript

DATE OF REPEAL OF THE EIGHTEENTH AMENDMENT

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
A PROCLAMATION

WHEREAS the Congress of the United States in second session of the Seventy-second Congress, begun at Washington on the fifth day of December in the year one thousand nine hundred and thirty-two, adopted a resolution in the words and figures following, to wit:
"JOINT RESOLUTION
Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
"Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is hereby proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by conventions in three-fourths of the several States:
"'Article--
"'Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.



DATE OF REPEAL OF THE EIGHTEENTH AMENDMENT

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
A PROCLAMATION

WHEREAS the Congress of the United States in second session of the Seventy-second Congress, begun at Washington on the fifth day of December in the year one thousand nine hundred and thirty-two, adopted a resolution in the words and figures following, to wit:
"JOINT RESOLUTION
Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
"Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is hereby proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by conventions in three-fourths of the several States:
"'Article--
"'Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.



-3-

WHEREAS it appears from a certificate issued December 5, 1933, by the Acting Secretary of State that official notices have been received in the Department of State that on the fifth day of December 1933 conventions in 36 States of the United States, constituting three fourths of the whole number of the States had ratified the said repeal amendment;
NOW, THEREFORE, I, FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, President of the United States of America, pursuant to the provisions of section 217 (a) of the said act of June 16, 1933, do hereby proclaim that the eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was repealed on the fifth day of December 1933.
FURTHERMORE, I enjoin upon all citizens of the United States and upon others resident within the jurisdiction thereof to cooperate with the Government in its endeavor to restore greater respect for law and order, by confining such purchases of alcoholic beverages as they may make solely to those dealers or agencies which have been duly licensed by State or Federal license.
Observance of this request, which I make personally to every individual and every family in our Nation, will result in the consumption of alcoholic beverages which have passed Federal inspection, in the break-up and eventual destruction of the notoriously evil illicit liquor traffic, and in the payment of reasonable taxes for the support of Government and thereby in the superseding of other forms of taxation.



-4-

I call specific attention to the authority given by the twenty-first amendment to the Government to prohibit transportation or importation of intoxicating liquors into any State in violation of the laws of such State.
I ask the whole-hearted cooperation of all our citizens to the end that this return of individual freedom shall not be accompanied by the repugnant conditions that obtained prior to the adoption of the eighteenth amendment and those that have existed since its adoption. Failure to do this honestly and courageously will be a living reproach to us all.
I ask especially that no State shall by law or otherwise authorize the return of the saloon either in its old form or in some modern guise.
The policy of the Government will be to see to it that the social and political evils that have existed in the pre-prohibition era shall not be revived nor permitted again to exist. We must remove forever from our midst the menace of the bootlegger and such others as would profit at the expense of good government, law, and order.
I trust in the good sense of the American people that they will not bring upon themselves the curse of excessive use of intoxicating liquors, to the detriment of health, morals, and social integrity.
The objective we seek through a national policy is the education of every citizen towards a greater temperance throughout the Nation.



-5-

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.
DONE at the City of Washington this fifth day of December, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and thirty-three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and fifty-eighth.
Franklin D. Roosevelt

By the President:
William Phillips
Acting Secretary of State.
This primary source comes from the General Records of the United States Government.
National Archives Identifier: 299967
Full Citation: Presidential Proclamation 2065 in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces the Repeal of Prohibition; 12/5/1933; Presidential Proclamations, 1791 - 2011; General Records of the United States Government, ; National Archives Building, Washington, DC. [Online Version, https://docsteach.org/documents/document/repeal-prohibition, May 5, 2024]


Presidential Proclamation 2065 in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces the Repeal of Prohibition

Page 1



Presidential Proclamation 2065 in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces the Repeal of Prohibition

Page 2



Presidential Proclamation 2065 in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces the Repeal of Prohibition

Page 3



Presidential Proclamation 2065 in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces the Repeal of Prohibition

Page 4



Presidential Proclamation 2065 in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces the Repeal of Prohibition

Page 5



Document

Search warrant for Clay Fourth Apartments, apartment C

11/12/1931

This primary source comes from the General Records of the Department of the Treasury.
National Archives Identifier: 298495
Full Citation: Search warrant for Clay Fourth Apartments, apartment C; 11/12/1931; Seattle Conspiracy (Olmstead) Investigation; Investigative Case Files, 1924 - 1933; General Records of the Department of the Treasury, ; National Archives at Seattle, Seattle, WA. [Online Version, https://docsteach.org/documents/document/search-warrant-for-clay-fourth-apartments-apartment-c, May 5, 2024]


Search warrant for Clay Fourth Apartments, apartment C

Page 1



Search warrant for Clay Fourth Apartments, apartment C

Page 2



Document

Drawing of a Still

1929

This document is from a case typical of the type of case investigated concerning the manufacture of alcohol during Prohibition.
This primary source comes from the General Records of the Department of the Treasury.
National Archives Identifier: 298446
Full Citation: Drawing of a Still; 1929; Investigation of Lester Case, et.al; Investigative Case Files, 1924 - 1933; General Records of the Department of the Treasury, ; National Archives at Seattle, Seattle, WA. [Online Version, https://docsteach.org/documents/document/still-drawing, May 5, 2024]


Drawing of a Still

Page 1



Document

Letter concerning the transportation of liquor from California to Washington

2/21/1928

This document pertains to a case concerning the investigation of a conspiracy to transport liquor from California to Washington during Prohibition.

Transcript

[stamped] "Received Feb 24 1928 [illegible] San Francisco, Calif."

Melvin L. Hanks
Special Agent.
In re: 45-A.

TREASURY DEPARTMENT
U.S PROHIBITION SERVICE
PORTLAND, ORE.
February 21st, 1928.

Ralph R. Reed,
Special Agent in Charge,
U. S. Prohibition Service,
San Francisco, California.

There is inclosed herewith a picture and description of one J. H. Bailey, alias "Sailor Jack," alias Roy (or Ray) Sparks, alias P. Rex.

Last September "Sailor Jack" was apprehended while transporting alcohol along the Pacific highway near Medford, Oregon, by Prohibition Agent, Terry A. Tallent. Subsequent to that arrest "Sailor Jack" acted as an informant for Tallent, but at the same time he attempted to get his own loads of liquor past the officers. Finally "Sailor Jack" jumped state bonds, and disappeared.

It is now our information, from a very reliable source, that "Sailor Jack" is running alcohol from San Francisco to Crescent City, California. He is reported to be using the name of P. Rex in Crescent City, and is stopping at a hotel, the name of which we have not yet learned, with a man by the name of Byers.

Prohibition Agent Tallent states that if any one were to get "Sailor Jack" in a "tight place" he would tell all he knows about the transportation of alcohol from San Francisco to various Pacific Coast points. It is requested that an effort be made to locate "Sailor Jack," and to interview him regarding the alcohol traffic.

[signed] Melvin L. Hanks
Melvin L. Hanks,
Special Agent

MLH:MDC
Encls.
This primary source comes from the General Records of the Department of the Treasury.
National Archives Identifier: 298430
Full Citation: Letter concerning the transportation of liquor from California to Washington; 2/21/1928; Investigation of Smuggling between California and Washington; Investigative Case Files, 1924 - 1933; General Records of the Department of the Treasury, ; National Archives at Seattle, Seattle, WA. [Online Version, https://docsteach.org/documents/document/transport-liquor-ca-to-wa, May 5, 2024]


Letter concerning the transportation of liquor from California to Washington

Page 1



Document

Telegram concerning smuggling off the Oregon coast

12/3/1927

This document is from a case involving smuggling alcohol from Canada during prohibition and is connected to the Seattle Conspiracy case through Frank Olmstead.
This primary source comes from the General Records of the Department of the Treasury.
National Archives Identifier: 298435
Full Citation: Telegram concerning smuggling off the Oregon coast; 12/3/1927; General Records of the Department of the Treasury, . [Online Version, https://docsteach.org/documents/document/telegram-concerning-smuggling-off-the-oregon-coast, May 5, 2024]


Telegram concerning smuggling off the Oregon coast

Page 1



Document

Resolution Adopted by the Student Body of Flemington High School

5/4/1917


Additional details from our exhibits and publications

In May 1917 students from Flemington, New Jersey, adopted this resolution asking for the “immediate prohibition of the liquor traffic.” According to the students' resolution, banning alcohol would conserve vital food supplies and preserve the morals of men in the Armed Forces.
This primary source comes from the Records of the U.S. House of Representatives.
National Archives Identifier: 595305
Full Citation: Resolution Adopted by the Student Body of Flemington High School; 5/4/1917; Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, . [Online Version, https://docsteach.org/documents/document/resolution-adopted-by-the-student-body-of-flemington-high-school, May 5, 2024]


Resolution Adopted by the Student Body of Flemington High School

Page 1



Resolution Adopted by the Student Body of Flemington High School

Page 2



Document

Newspaper Clipping regarding outcome of alcohol seizure case

6/1/1932

This document is part of a file detailing the events surrounding the investigation of the Tacoma, Washington, police department, the Mayor of Tacoma and a number of city officials for Prohibition violations.
This primary source comes from the General Records of the Department of the Treasury.
National Archives Identifier: 298482
Full Citation: Newspaper Clipping regarding outcome of alcohol seizure case; 6/1/1932; General Records of the Department of the Treasury, . [Online Version, https://docsteach.org/documents/document/newspaper-clipping-regarding-outcome-of-alcohol-seizure-case, May 5, 2024]


Newspaper Clipping regarding outcome of alcohol seizure case

Page 1



Document

Letter from Mrs. Hillyer concerning her husband's drinking activities.

9/22/1931

This document pertains to the Seattle Conspiracy case, in which the Bureau of Prohibition investigated a conspiracy by members of the Seattle Police department and other government officials in the city to obtain protection money from those violating the National Prohibition Act. Members also sold confiscated liquor for profit. Included in the conspiracy was Frank Olmstead, a captain on the police force. His conviction was appealed to the Supreme Court on the grounds that the wire taps used to convict him were unconstitutional. In a dissenting opinion, Justice Brandeis agreed stating that officials should be required to get a search warrant before placing a wiretap on a telephone line.
This primary source comes from the General Records of the Department of the Treasury.
National Archives Identifier: 298490
Full Citation: Letter from Mrs. Hillyer concerning her husband's drinking activities.; 9/22/1931; Seattle Conspiracy (Olmstead) Investigation; Investigative Case Files, 1924–1933; General Records of the Department of the Treasury, ; National Archives at Seattle, Seattle, WA. [Online Version, https://docsteach.org/documents/document/letter-from-mrs-hillyer-concerning-her-husbands-drinking-activities, May 5, 2024]


Letter from Mrs. Hillyer concerning her husband's drinking activities.

Page 1