This image documents life at the Wind River Indian Agency in Wyoming. Established originally as the Shoshone Reservation in 1868, ten years later the Northern Band of Arapahoe Indians were also moved to the reservation.

This Native American farming family sat for their portrait in front of a dwelling on the Flathead Indian Reservation near Niarada, Montana, on September 16, 1921. They employed "dryland farm management," an agricultural method for growing winter wheat and other crops in arid land.

The original caption for this photograph reads: Dry-Land Farmer and His Family on the Flathead Reservation Near Niarada, Montana. It was taken by the Bureau of Indian Affairs during the Flathead Irrigation Project. The Project was initiated to determine rights and distribute water originating on the Flathead Indian Agency in Montana to both tribal and non-tribal land. The establishment of the Reservation in 1855 preceded Montana statehood by nearly 35 years and presented many challenges in establishing seniority and providing for equitable distribution of water for the irrigation of farms and ranches.

This document is from the case US v Rivera and Sanchez. Buggy shows position of hay on buggy at time of apprehension.

This document comes from the court case U.S. vs. Susan B. Anthony. It is Exhibit B, a transcript of the hearing including examination of witnesses by the defense and prosecution atorneys, and Susan B. Anthony's testimony in her own defense.

Anthony's was one of several federal court cases involving women arrested for illegally voting in the 1872 election in Rochester, NY, 48 years before the 19th amendment passed in 1920.

Transcript

Exhibit B
Edwin P. March was sworn in behalf of the people and testified as follows:
2. Do you reside in the City of Rochester? Yes, sir How long? It has been my home for 27 years What is your age? 32. What is your occupation? Letter carrier. U.S. letter carrier? Yes, sir. Did you act as inspector of Election on the 5th of No? Yes, sir. Where abouts? In the 1st District in the 8th Ward. That ward contained two Districts, did you act as Inspector in the 1st? Yes, sir. Those districts are called 1st and 2nd? Yes, sir. Who acted as Inspector with you on that day? Beverly W. Jones and Williiam B. Hall. The election was held on that day, 5th Nov.? Yes, sir, for Congress, State &c ? Yes sir. You say for Representitive in Congress, for what Representitivi in Congress? Representitive in this District. What District? 29th, and for representative at large. Is the 8th Ward within the 29 Congressional District? Yes, sir. Where about in the Ward were the polls of the Election District? At 81 West Avenue. Do you know the defendant Miss Anthony? Yes, sir. Did you see her on the day of election? Yes, sir, Where abouts? At the polls until election closed. In the 1st

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District of the 8th Ward? Yes, sir. Did you see her vote on that day? Yes, sir. Where abouts? At the 1st District of the 8th Ward. What time of the day was it? I think it was about 9 O clock in the morning. State what officers she voted for? That I dont know. I didn’t take the tickets myself. Who took the tickets? I think it was B. W. Jones. I was checking the book. You say you were checking a book, what book was it? The Register. Is that here? Yes, sir. (a book is handed to the counsel) Who kept the Poll list? - who acted as Clerk’s at this district? James A Gilman & George A. Sheare. They each kept a poll list? Yes, sir. You say you checked the Register, state what you did? As the votes were received the name of the voter was called out, then I would run my eye over the list and check the name on the poll list.
Was Miss Anthony dressed as she is now
(Objected to by Deft’s counsel)
Was Miss Anthony dressed in the apparel of a woman & had she that appearance of a woman?
(Objected to as entirely immaterial and impertinent)
The counsel makes no defence on the ground that Miss A is not the person who voted.
Objection overruled.)

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Ans. (Yes, sir. Was any question made at the time as to her right to vote? Yes, sir, her vote was challenged by Sylvester Lewis. State what was done after his challenge? He required that the oaths should be given which was done. Who by? By B.W. Jones, who was chairman of the board. Were there Supervisors of Election attending this district? Yes. Who were they? S.J. Wagner & Daniel Warner.

By Mr. Van Voorhis. Were there any supervisors for that Election District? Yes, sir.

Being Cross examined by Mr. Van Voorhis he testified:

2 Did not Miss Anthony’s name appear properly upon the Register? Yes, sir. At the time she offered her vote, did other ladies whose names were registered also offer their votes? Yes, sir. How many were there all together? There were 15 who voted. Upon the preliminary oath being administered to Miss Anthony was she questioned by any one? Yes, sir. The preliminary oath is that the applicant will answer questions put to her? Yes, sir. Do you recollect what questions were put to Miss Anthony? No, sir. I do not. Do you recollect who put them? The chairman of the board B.W. Jones. Did either of the Supervisors have anything to say about it? No, sir, not

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that I heard. Did you hear anything at any time - Did you hear thing said by either of them at the time she was registered? Yes, sir.
(Objection on the ground that the charge is for voting not for illegal registry. Overruled) State what occurred at the time of registry or all that was said? – Can you state what day it was she registered? It was Friday the 1st of Nov. 1872. Now state all that you heard said upon the subject after Miss Anthony arrived on the place? I had been away to Breakfast, when I came back I found the ladies there. The Inspectors had settled the matter between themselves so far as they were concerned. They asked me my opinion of it. I told them I was satisfied to register them; that we were right in doing so. I met Silas J. Wagner at the door as I was passing in & he told me “[Ed.,?] don’t you register those women” D. Warner made a remark that we were abliged by law to register them. That was after we had decided to put down the names
Have you told now all that you recollect that was stated by any person? Yes, sir, There had been some talking before you arrived? Yes, sir they were just through administering the oath when I came in. In registering Miss Anthony did you act in accordance

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with your best judgment? Yes, sir, I did.

(Objection. – Sustained)

Was Miss Anthony sworn at the time she registered? Not while I was there.

Re-direct examination by Mr. Pound

2 Did you hear anything said by Miss Anthony? Not, much. State what you heard her say? I can’t remember it. State the substance? I have no recollection of what she said.

(Book shown to witness)

Is this the registry in which you checked votes? Yes, sir, Refer to her name; do you find it? Yes, sir. Who checked it? I did. When, at the time she voted? Yes, sir.

(Registry put in evidence & marked “Ex No. 1”)

Beverly W. Jones was sworn on behalf of the people and testified as follows:
2. Do you reside in the City of Rochester? Yes, sir. What is your age? 25. Occupation? In the ______ business. Do you know defendant? Yes, sir. You acted as one of the Inspectors of the [1s?] District of the 8th Ward of the City of Rochester? I did. Yes, sir. The election was held 81 West Avenue? Yes, sir. What was the election for (Defts’ councel remarks the Election was for State and National officers) Did you see deft. on the 5th Nov. Yes, sir. Whereabouts? At the polls. What time of day

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About half an hour after we had opened the polls. Did she vote? Yes, sir. For what officers did she vote for? I believe she voted the state tickets, for members of assembly and for general election & - She voted the congressional ticket? Yes, sir. Was the ticket endorsed? Yes, sir. What word was endorsed upon it? Congress. Who took the tickets? I did. What did you do with them? I put them in their proper boxes. Did anything occur while she was voting? She was challenged? Who by? Sylvester Lewis. She was challenged at the time stated by the board of Register. And her name was marked upon the registry to be challenged? Yes, sir. Who by? The name is in my handwriting. Upon being challenged who offered the oaths to her? I did. What oaths? The preliminary and general oaths. How was she dressed.

(Objected to. Overruled.)

Ans. She was dressed as a woman. What was her appearance, as a man or a woman.

(Objection. Defts counsel admits that she is a woman.)

Being cross-examined by Mr. Von Voorhis he testified as follows:

2. Mr. Jones when did you first see Miss

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Anthony at the place of registry? On the 1st day of Nov. Who else was there at the time? Wm J. Bemer, S. J. Wagner and D. Warner and some others. State what was said there upon the subject of Miss Anthony’s right to registry - in substance? She made her appearance in the room and she asked if this was the place where they registered voters. We answered her that it was. She said that she was a citizen of the U.S. and demanded her right to be registered. I made the remark that I didn’t think we could register her name. She asked me upon what grounds. I told her that the constitution of the State of New York only gave the right of franchise to male citizens. She asked me if I was acquainted with the 14th amendment to the constitution of the U.S. I told her I was. She wanted to know if under that she was a citizen and had a right to vote. At this time Mr. Warner said, young man, how are you going to get [arou d n is inserted with a caret] that., I think you will have to register their names. - or something to that effect. Meaning Miss Anthony and some one else? Yes, there were two others there. She asked me if I had read Benj Butler’s report: I said “No”. At the moment

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one of the democratic Inspectors said he was in favor of registering their names & I concurred. As they were placing the names upon the book - Were you influenced in your opinion by what Supervisor Warner said. (Objected to as incompetent. Objection overruled)

Was any oath administered to her at the time of registry? No, sir. Was she challenged by any one at that time? No, sir. Was she challenged when voting? No, sir. When was she challenged. On the 2d of November. What oaths did you administer to Miss Anthony on the day she voted? Preliminary oath. After that oath was put to her was she questioned by you? She was. Did she make answer to what you put to her? Yes, sir. You followed that up by the General Oath did you? I turned at this moment to ask if the challenger was satisfied. He said administer the whole thing or something to that effect. That oath reads as follows: [does it not is inserted with a caret] You do swear (or affirm) that you will fully and truly answer all such questions as shall be put to you touching your place of residence and qualifications as an elector.” Yes, sir The general oath reads as follows: does it not

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“You do swear (or affirm as the case may be) that you have been a citizen of the United States for ten days, and are now of the age of 21 years: that you have been an inhabitant of this State for one year next preceeding this election, and for the last four months a resident of this county; that you have been for thirty days next preceding this election, and for the last four months a resident of this Assembly district (or Senate or congressional districts or districts, ward, town, village or city, as the case may be, naming any and all of the foregoing districts, ward, town, village or city from which the officer is to be chosen for whom said person offers to vote) that you are a resident of this town (or ward as the case may be) and of the election district in which you now offer to vote, and that you have not made any bet or wager & are not directly or indirectly interested in any bet or wager depending upon the result of this election & that you have not voted at this election.”

Ans. Yes, sir. Was there anything said at the time of voting by either of the supervisors? Not that I heard. In what you did in this as an inspector of registry & in receiving Miss Anthony’s name & in receiving her vote did you act in good faith as such

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inspector and in accordance with your best judgment.

(Objection. Objection sustained)

Did you take counsel between the day of Registry & voting as to Miss Anthony’s right to vote? I went to Henry R. Selden & he advised me not to take his advice. Did he tell you what his opinion was? Yes, sir. What was it? He said legally they were voters, there was no question of it.

Redirect Ex. By Mr. Pound.

2. You say he advised you not to [the with take superimposed] his advice - as he was counsel? Yes, sir - I went to see Mr. Von Voorhis once. After consulting with Judge Selden did you see other counsel? I don’t know whether it was before or after Did you see any counel that are not councel for these women? Yes, sir. I did I saw John H. Mortingdale. After or before consulting with Judge Seldon? I don’t know whether it [ I with was superimposed] was after or before? Did you state the case to him in full? No, sir. I only asked him if a woman had a right to be regestered or not. What did he tell you? He said that we had a perfect right to register them. Did he tell you anything else? He said that he thought they had no right to vote, that he had not looked into the matter any. Any other counsel consulted? No, sir

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The names were all registered before you took any advice? Yes, sir

James A Gilman being sworn for the people testified as follows:

2 You reside in the City of Rochester? I do. What is your age? 22. What is your occupation? Carpenter. Did you act as one of the Clerk’s at the polls at the 1st Election district of the 8th Ward and in this City? I did & [and added with a caret] kept a poll list. Yes, sir. Poll was held at 81 West Avenue? I believe that was the number. Is this the poll list you kept? (book shown witness) Yes, sir, it is Did you keep that poll list – state the manner of keeping it? Inspector called out a name - What inspector? What inspector? B. W. Jones and sometimes Mr Warner. Was not it the Inspector that received votes that always called the names out? Yes, sir And what did you do then? I took the name and registered it. What else? That was all. You wrote the name on the registry? Yes, sir. What else did you do? I wrote the ticket. How did you distinguish them? By writing in different columns How are these columns made? Electrol, State, Congressional, two columns and [constitution?] Was there any other? School commissioner Do you know the defendant by sight. Yes, sir Did you see her vote on the election day? No, sir, Will you look & see if you find her

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Name on the poll list? Yes, sir. How is it written? Miss S.B. Anthony 7 Madison Street marked “P.””O.” & “G.””O.” marks in letter State Congress & assembly.

Sylvester Lewis was sworn for the people and testified as follows:

You reside in the City of Rochester? Yes sir. What is your occupation? Salt manufacturer On the election day did you attend the polls of the 1st District of the 8th Ward? Yes, sir. That was the 5th Nov.? Yes, sir. Did you act as challenger that day. I [counted?] the names to be challenged Did you act as General Challenger? I was employed by the
Democratic party to take a poll list and challenge voters at the polls. You were sworn and [caused?] the parties to be challenged to be written opposite their names? I was. Did you see the Deft f vote on the 5th Nov. – the day of Election? I did. Did you see what ticket she voted. All that I could see was that she handed in the four ballots.

Cross Examined:

You have taken a great deal of interest in this matter? Yes, sir. Do you know Mrs Lydon? Yes, sir. Did you go to the house & advise her to go and register at the 1st District in the 8th Ward

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Object[ed superimposed over ion] to on the grounds that it is immaterial (onor ?) in crossexamination of the direct evidence[, (?] Objective overruled) I did not directly ask her to go and register. Did you do so directly? I did not. You say you took a poll list for the Democratic party? I did. Did you take Susan B. Anthonys name on your canvass? – Canvass? You made out was ordinarily called a poll list? No, sir. Where is that Canvass? at my house. Didn’t you know the paper which you took is commonly denominated a poll list? No, sir. Didn’t you call [n?] it - In that list you took down the names of all persons who had a right to vote? Yes, sir. And which way they would vote? Yes, sir. Among others you took the name of Miss Anthony? Yes, sir. Didn’t you give Miss Lydon some advice on the subject of registry? No, sir,
Did you tell [her superimposed with that?] she had better - to go & register; that the thing might as well be tried out in the Ward as anywhere? Not in so many words. You have written articles for the newspapers on this subject Yes, I have. How many? Two.
Redirect examination,

You did have a talk on the subject of registration? Yes, sir. Where was it? At her residence on Reynolds Street. More than one?

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No, sir. When was it? In the latter part of October? [What superimposed over another word] was it.

(Objection. Overruled)

The Registry of Elections was offered in evidence & marked “Ex. A.”

Beverly W. Jones recalled.

By Mr Von Voorhis: Do you recollect anything further that was said by Mr. Warner? Yes, sir I recollect [his say my that?] – on asking me the question “Do you know the penalty for not registering these names. I told him I did.
By Mr. Pound. You have told all that you recollect of Mr Warner’s conversation now. Yes sir

Plff’s Case Closed

Defts Case

Susan B. Anthony sworn in her own behalf testified:

Are you the person spoken of as defendant Yes, sir. Previous to voting at the 1st District poll in the 8th Ward, did you take the advice of counsel upon voting? Yes, sir. Who was it you talked with? Judge Henry R. Selden. What did he advise you with reference to your legal right to vote? He said it was the only way to find

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out what the law was upon the subject – to bring it to a teste Did he advise you to go and offer your vote? Yes, sir. State whether or not prior to each advice you had retained Mr. Selden to defend in this action? No, sir [,;?] I first went to Judge Selden to sound him if we should want him. Have you anything further to say upon Judge Selden’s advice? I think it was sound. Did he give you an opinion upon the subject? He was like all the rest of you lawyers – he had not studied the question What did he advise you? He left me with this opinion – that he was an honest man; that he would study it [up?] thoroughly & decide according to the law. Did you have any doubt yourself of your right to vote? Not a particle.

Cross examined:

Would you not have made the same efforts to vote that you did do if you had not consulted with Judge Selden? Yes, sir. (I hope the court understands that I did not consult anyone until after I had voted) Was you not influenced by his advice in the matter at al? No, sir. You went into this matter for the purpose of testing the question? Yes, sir, I had been resolved to vote at the first election that I had been home for 30 days for three years.

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Mr. Lewis recalled by Mr Van Voorhis:

Do you know Mr. Garragus? Yes sir. Did you tell Mr Garrugus that you were going to get 20 women to offset Miss Anthony & her votes? I told him that t I it it would be a good [a joke to?] [ink smear] get 20 old Irishwoma[ns?] to offset their votes. You felt sure they would all vote for Greely did you? No, sir: we could [by buy superimposed?] them with money enough

Margaret Lydon sworn for deft testified:

You reside in the 8th Ward? I do. Are you 21 years of age? Yes, sir. Are you acquainted with Sylvester Lewis? I know him when I see him. Did he advice=se you to go & vote, that you might as bell bring that question up there as any place.

(Objection. Sustained)

Cyrus Garragus.
You reside in the 8th Ward in this City? Yes, sir. In the 1st Election District? Yes, sir. How long have you lived there? 15 years Are you acquainted with Mr Lewis? Yes, sir. Did you have a conversation with him shortly prior to election in reference to Register[y i superimposed]ng female votes in your ward? Yes, sir. Was that after Miss Anthony’s name had been registered? Yes, sir. And before the closing of the time for registering was it not. Yes, sir. Won’t you state what he said?

(Objection. Sustained)

Susan B. Anthony recalled.

Did you consult anyother counsel besides Judge Selden in reference to your right to vote?

(Objection. Sustained)

Evidence closed

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U.S.A.
vs
Susan B. Anthony
Testimony on
Examination Before
United States
U.S. [Comm?]

Original caption: Taken from the Gold Rush Group.

Like many places in the American West, Montana had its share of anti-Chinese violence in the last quarter of the 19th century. Labor unions boycotted Chinese owned businesses in 1891-92 and a circular was posted in 1884 ordering the Chinese to leave Butte with no affect. In late 1896, sever labor unions organized a second boycott blaming the Chinese businesses for the poor economic climate. The labor unions notified their members and the public of the boycott of all Chinese owned businesses and those businesses employing Chinese labor. In an effort to discourage patronage, union member picked stores, posted flyers, and held parades. Many Chinese were forced to seek work in other cities however, several merchants decided to fight back and filed suit in Federal court in Butte requesting an injunction to stop the boycott and damages from the labor unions. The case from which this document originates, Hum Lay, et.al. v. Baldwin, has become known as the Chinese Boycott case.

The Transcontinental Railroad was completed on May 10, 1869, when four ceremonial gold and silver spikes were driven into a laurel wood railroad tie at Promontory Summit, northwest of Salt Lake City, Utah. This act joined 1,776 miles of rail belonging to the Union and Central Pacific railroads. The Union Pacific’s engine, 119, is on the left; the Central Pacific’s Jupiter is on the right. The ceremonial spikes and tie were removed and replaced with iron and pine.

The South Portico of the White House, Washington, DC, in the background.